Neuro Spark

Neuro Spark is a four-component research blend of choline chloride, L-carnosine, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Each ingredient has its own preclinical literature: choline as a precursor of phosphatidylcholine and acetylcholine, carnosine as a histidine-containing dipeptide with pH-buffering and metal-chelating chemistry, ATP as a purinergic signaling molecule, and AMP as an activator of AMP-activated protein kinase. The references below cover the individual components, not this combination. Research Market supplies Neuro Spark with lot documentation on its certificate of analysis. It is sold strictly for laboratory research use.

Composition

• CHOLINE CHLORIDE 200mg
• L-CARNOSINE 200mg
• ATP 40mg
• AMP 5mg

Components

• Choline chloride: CAS 67-48-1, C₅H₁₄ClNO, 139.62 g/mol, PubChem CID 6209
• L-Carnosine: CAS 305-84-0, C₉H₁₄N₄O₃, 226.23 g/mol, PubChem CID 439224
• ATP (adenosine 5′-triphosphate): CAS 56-65-5, C₁₀H₁₆N₅O₁₃P₃, 507.18 g/mol, PubChem CID 5957 (PubChem record for the free acid; salt form is not stated on the label)
• AMP (adenosine 5′-monophosphate): CAS 61-19-8, C₁₀H₁₄N₅O₇P, 347.22 g/mol, PubChem CID 6083 (PubChem record for the free acid; salt form is not stated on the label)
• Form: Fill amounts as listed above; physical form is stated on the vial label and batch certificate of analysis

Research applications

• Choline and the brain: Reviewed as a precursor of phosphatidylcholine, acetylcholine and, via betaine, S-adenosylmethionine; high choline intake during gestation in rat and mouse models was associated with changes in adult cognitive function and in brain histone and DNA methylation [1]
• Carnosine chemistry: Reviewed for the pH-buffering, metal-ion chelation and antioxidant properties of β-alanyl-L-histidine and its capacity to limit formation of advanced glycation and lipoxidation end-products [2]
• Brain ischemia models: In rats and Mongolian gerbils with experimental global brain ischemia, intraperitoneal carnosine given after the ischemic episode was associated with lower brain malondialdehyde and less lipid peroxidation of brain membranes [3]
• Purinergic signaling (ATP): Reviewed as a transmitter or cotransmitter released from nerves that acts on pre- and postjunctional purinergic receptors in peripheral and central neurons, alongside its breakdown product adenosine [4]
• Energy sensing (AMP): A rise in the cellular AMP:ATP ratio activates AMP-activated protein kinase through nucleotide binding to its regulatory gamma subunits, switching on catabolic pathways that generate ATP [5]

Reference citations

1. Blusztajn J.K. et al. (2017). Neuroprotective actions of dietary choline. Nutrients, 9(8):815. PMID 28788094 · DOI
2. Boldyrev A.A. et al. (2013). Physiology and pathophysiology of carnosine. Physiol Rev, 93(4):1803–1845. PMID 24137022 · DOI
3. Dobrota D. et al. (2005). Carnosine protects the brain of rats and Mongolian gerbils against ischemic injury: after-stroke-effect. Neurochem Res, 30(10):1283–1288. PMID 16341589 · DOI
4. Burnstock G. (2007). Physiology and pathophysiology of purinergic neurotransmission. Physiol Rev, 87(2):659–797. PMID 17429044 · DOI
5. Hardie D.G. et al. (2006). AMP-activated protein kinase–development of the energy sensor concept. J Physiol, 574(Pt 1):7–15. PMID 16644800 · DOI

Compound data from PubChem CIDs 6209, 439224, 5957, 6083. Literature summaries describe published preclinical research and are not claims about this product’s effects in humans or animals.