NAD+

NAD+ (β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized form) is a dinucleotide coenzyme that carries electrons in glycolysis, the TCA cycle and mitochondrial respiration. Much NAD+ research studies it as a consumed substrate: ADP-ribosyltransferases such as PARP1, the sirtuin deacetylases and the NADase CD38 all break it down, and in some tissues its half-life is on the order of minutes. Researchers have also studied extracellular NAD+ release, degradation and uptake in rat brain and mouse hypothalamus. Research Market supplies NAD+ with lot data on the certificate of analysis. It is sold strictly for laboratory research use.

Chemical structure and identification

• Molecular formula: C₂₁H₂₇N₇O₁₄P₂
• Molecular weight: 663.4 g/mol
• CAS number: 53-84-9
• PubChem CID: 5892
• Synonyms: β-NAD+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD
• Form: Supplied in a sealed research vial
• Analytical methods: Identity and purity data reported on the batch certificate of analysis

Research applications

• NAD+ turnover: A perspective on NAD(H) as a redox cofactor and as a substrate for non-oxidative reactions in signaling, post-translational modification and RNA capping, noting half-lives of minutes in some tissues [1]
• PARP1 and sirtuins: Reviewed for how ARTD1 (PARP1) and the sirtuins share NAD⁺ as a substrate, and for PARP1 activation and energy depletion as a trigger of cell death after DNA damage [2]
• Extracellular β-NAD⁺ and CD38: Rat forebrain synaptosomes released β-NAD⁺ on high-K⁺ stimulation by a vesicular mechanism, carried the NAD⁺-metabolizing protein CD38 on their membranes, degraded β-NAD⁺, and took up a fluorescent analog; local β-NAD⁺ triggered Ca²⁺ transients in cortical neurons [3]
• Cellular uptake: Extracellular NAD was imported into N1 hypothalamic neuronal cells through a connexin 43-dependent, CD73-independent route, and blocking hypothalamic connexin 43 in mice prevented hypothalamic NAD uptake [4]

Reference citations

1. Chini C.C.S. et al. (2021). Evolving concepts in NAD⁺ metabolism. Cell Metab, 33(6):1076–1087. PMID 33930322 · DOI
2. Fouquerel E. et al. (2014). ARTD1 (PARP1) activation and NAD⁺ in DNA repair and cell death. DNA Repair (Amst), 23:27–32. PMID 25283336 · DOI
3. Durnin L. et al. (2012). Release, neuronal effects and removal of extracellular β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β-NAD⁺) in the rat brain. Eur J Neurosci, 35(3):423–435. PMID 22276961 · DOI
4. Roh E. et al. (2018). Exogenous nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide regulates energy metabolism via hypothalamic connexin 43. Metabolism, 88:51–60. PMID 30179604 · DOI

Compound data from PubChem CID 5892. Literature summaries describe published preclinical research and are not claims about this product’s effects in humans or animals.